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以小包装撬动生产生活方式转型_我的网站
一 | 【专家学思】 日前，国务院印发《美丽中国建设“十五五”规划》，部署“十五五”时期“加快形成绿色生产生活方式”这一重点任务。此前，北京市发布全国首个《餐饮外卖商户绿色包装使用指南》（以下简称《指南》），对外卖包装的选择、使用、减量与复用作出系统规范，为破解过度包装难题提供了可操作的实践指引。
The firefighting final of the emergency management category at the 2nd World Humanoid Robot Games (WHRG) was held on Sunday in Beijing, putting 23 teams through a simulated rescue operation designed to test whether humanoid robots can move beyond demonstrations and perform practical tasks in complex real-world environments.
The event comes as Chinese humanoid robots, long known for eye-catching abilities such as running, dancing and music playing, are pushed toward practical applications, including jobs that are dangerous for humans such as emergency rescue.
Unlike the first edition of the WHRG last year, according to the organization committee, this year's scenario-based events emphasize "realistic simulation," with the firefighting competition being held at a fire brigade rather than in a model-room setup.
The competition simulated a firefighting assignment that required each of the 23 robots to complete three tasks within 30 minutes: identify hazardous materials, shut off valves and operate a fire extinguisher. For the first task, robots had to identify two randomly placed simulated hazardous substances and report their types to judges through returned images. They then had to locate three randomly selected open valves of different types and shut them off before identifying a fire source, finding a fire extinguisher and spraying it until the fire was put out.
Human firefighters were also involved in the event, lighting the fire and observing whether the robots carried out the extinguisher operation correctly.
The competition, however, showed how difficult it remains for robots to perform reliably outside controlled laboratory conditions.
Rain affected the competition, while changes in lighting and the outdoor environments added uncertainty to the robots' visual recognition and manipulation tasks. A team from UniX AI, a company well-known for its robot applications on real-world scenarios and has just raised a new round of 300 million yuan ($ 44.49 million) in late March, completed its run within the allotted time, but its robot moved relatively slowly compared to human firefighters' real practice. When operating the fire extinguisher, its robotic hand had to make two attempts to align with the target.
Of 12 teams competed on Sunday, three finished the challenge.
Yang Liqi, a representative of the UniX AI team, told the Global Times that the firefighting scenario placed higher demands on both the robot's recognition and manipulation capabilities.
"Rain and lighting conditions can affect the robot, and actual situations are often different from what we simulate in the laboratory," Yang said, noting that this was also one reason why a number of teams were unable to complete their runs on Sunday morning.
The team had programmed the robot to make up to three attempts when operating the extinguisher. "If it sees white smoke after the first attempt, it will not make a second attempt," Yang said.
The difficulty was not simply that whether the robot could move its arm. Humanoid robots rely on different types of joints for different tasks: small, high-precision joints enable delicate hand operations, while high-torque, reliable joints support movement and balance.
A failure at any point of actions and detection could affect the final result. This is precisely where the value of real-world competitions lies, Jin Chenran, a representative of the Tiangong team whose robot only accomplished one of the three tasks, told the Global Times.
"Whether the competition goes smoothly or not, that is the significance of a real-world simulation. Every real-world failure is valuable data that helps humanoid robots toward practical application," Jin said.
Jin further explained that questions like why the robot failed to recognize an object and how its motion-planning system selected the wrong path... Such data can subsequently be used to improve algorithms and train AI models.
The competition also offered a glimpse into the current transitional stage of humanoid robot technology. At the venue, some team members were wearing VR headsets and remotely adjusting their robots shortly before their runs.
Some humanoid robots were seen using omnidirectional wheels instead of feet, while their hands featured multiple joints to enable more precise manipulation. Many teams chose China-developed UBTECH's joint modules for their robots. Its servo actuators cover a wide torque range from 0.2Nm to 200Nm, allowing robots to combine dexterity with strength. Meanwhile, VR teleoperation gives operators a first-person view through the robot's cameras, enabling them to remotely guide movements in real time.
The event comes amid a broader push in China to move humanoid robots and embodied intelligence from laboratories and competition arenas into real production and daily-life environments. In June, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the other departments launched a special program for humanoid robots and embodied intelligence that encouraged applications in practical fields including emergency rescue.
Zhao Weidong, deputy director of the organizing committee office, told the Global Times that the scenario-based competitions are intended to test the progress of humanoid robots from "competition performance" toward "real operational work," including whether they can eventually become intelligent partners for firefighters.
"At present, many simulations of actual operations may still be at an early stage," Zhao said. "But these are an important starting point for enabling robots to truly assist humans in real-world environments, as well as an important source of data and testing."
The ultimate goal, Zhao said, is to push robots into fields where human operations are dangerous and achieve genuine "human-robot complementarity."
。推动外卖包装瘦身，减去的是功能冗余和资源浪费，改变的是生产经营、消费选择和城市治理方式，其深层意义在于以小包装的绿色变革撬动生产生活方式绿色转型。 包装内卷折射出以材料叠加换取产品溢价、以资源消耗弥补服务竞争的经营逻辑。外卖包装本是盛装餐品、防止洒漏、保障安全、方便配送的必要手段。
二 | 然而，在激烈的市场竞争中，其功能却被不断延伸，逐渐由保障食品安全的工具，演变为商户制造产品溢价、争夺消费注意的竞争手段。商户将本应依靠餐品质量、配送效率和服务水平形成的竞争力，转化为包装层数、规格和外观上的比拼。在庞大的外卖消费规模和高频交易中，点滴冗余不断累积，形成可观的资源消耗和环境压力。同时，包装相关成本会转嫁给消费者，废弃包装处理成本则由全社会共同承担。 因此，治理外卖过度包装，关键在于纠正经营逻辑，使行业从包装比拼回归品质竞争，以食品安全、餐品质量、配送效率和服务体验赢得市场，让包装回归保护餐品、方便配送的基本功能，不让面子压过里子。 绿色包装不是简单减少包装数量，更不能以牺牲食品安全和消费体验为代价。
三 | 包装瘦身的关键是实现功能与需求的精准匹配，一种包装能够承担的功能，不需要通过多层包装重复实现：必要包装要用好，冗余包装要减去；能够通过结构设计解决的问题，就尽量减少材料叠加现象。《指南》根据餐品形态、温度、含汤量、含油量和运输需求提出分类方案。
四 | “一餐一策”的实质，是推动包装由粗放供给转向精细供给，结合餐品、分量、配送距离和天气条件匹配不同包装方案。 餐饮商户应根据菜品特点、分量大小、配送距离和季节温度，建立包装选型规则，避免用少数几种通用餐盒应对所有餐品。包装生产企业也应从简单增加厚度、层数和应用复合材料，转向轻量化设计、结构创新和材料创新，以更少的资源投入实现更好的防漏、保温和保护效果。包装减量不是降低标准，而是提高资源配置效率，减少无效投入，减掉功能冗余，增加设计含量。 外卖包装虽小，却关联着生产企业、餐饮商户、外卖平台、消费者和垃圾处理系统。包装瘦身，需要明确各方责任，推动设计、生产、使用、回收和处置各环节同向发力。 其中，餐饮商户应承担源头减量责任，优化餐盒规格和组合方式，减少不必要的独立分装、重复套袋和装饰性包装。
五 | 对餐具、吸管、调料等一次性用品，应根据消费者实际需要提供，避免“默认配送”变成“默认浪费”。
六 | 外卖平台应发挥规则和技术优势，如在商户端提供餐品与包装规格匹配工具，在消费者端优化“无需餐具”“简约包装”等选项。
七 | 平台可将绿色包装纳入商户评价和激励体系，挖掘订单数据，分析包装用量、餐品破损率、投诉率和包装成本，通过数据推动包装方案优化。 包装生产端要加快材料和结构创新，推动包装轻量化、材料单一化和结构易分离化，减少难以拆解回收的多层复合材料。 回收处置端应完善分类投放、资源化利用体系，推动上下游有效衔接，形成绿色包装完整闭环。 推动包装瘦身，还应更新对消费品质的认识。部分消费者习惯以包装厚度、层数和精美程度衡量商品价值，这种偏好反过来会导致商户过度包装。
八 | 其实，真正的品质并不体现在包装堆叠上，而在于餐品安全、使用便利、服务周到、环境友好。简约不等于简陋，包装适度、整洁可靠，更能体现经营者专业水平。 对此，平台和商户应加强信息引导，让消费者认识到少用包装、按需配给餐具调料是更负责任的服务。可通过绿色积分、优惠券等方式，鼓励简约包装，推动消费者由被动接受转为主动参与。当然，绿色责任也不能全部推给消费者，平台和商户不得借环保的名义减配服务、增设不透明收费，相关举措应当公开透明。
九 | 外卖包装治理，是城市治理方式转变的一个缩影。过去包装废弃物管理多聚焦末端清运处理，若前端包装持续增加，仅靠末端治理容易陷入被动循环。绿色包装标准出台，标志城市环境治理由末端处置向源头减量、过程控制和系统治理转变，治理对象也从单一废弃物扩展到企业生产、平台规则、消费选择和回收体系。 建议市场监管、商务、城市管理、生态环境等部门加强协同合作，构建标准制定、行业指导、监督检查、效果评价贯通的治理机制。一方面，充分兼顾场景差异，杜绝“一刀切”，重点整治超出实际功能需求的包装行为，降低中小商户转型成本；另一方面，建立科学评价机制，综合考察耗材用量、餐具使用率、洒漏率、满意度、回收利用率等指标，让绿色包装有标准、可评估。包装回归实用、生产更加集约、消费更加理性、治理更加精细，正是小包装绿色变革所承载的深远意义。（作者：魏鹏，系重庆市中国特色社会主义理论体系研究中心西南大学分中心特约研究员、西南大学经济管理学院教授）。
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